The fundamental findings of the current study were that among the various socioeconomic and cultural factors, the most important ones that persuaded contraceptive use and choices among women were their number of living children, wealth index, media exposure, and degree of women empowerment. For example, the proportion of women who have had a second, childbirth (i.e., women who have had at least two childbirths) is given by the product of the PPR, proportion of women who have had the third childbirth is given by the product of PPR (0–1), (Figure 2) show that the progression to the second birth declines gradually, but then there is a very, steep decline seen in the proportion of women who have their third childbirth. For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. e different forms of analysis to address its prime aims, namely, o testing the characteristics and interaction, erentials in contraceptives use among Hindus and, Nature of interactions of various combinations of religion and select socioeconomic factors on estimated marginal mean children ever-, Summary Results of the Binary Logistic Regression model on Contraceptive Use among Currently. The present study is devoted to finding probable reasons for this, Fertility and Religion: Glimpses of Prior Research, Four prime hypotheses have been documented in the, tional status, and income level usually differ by r, in which a social group is also a religious minor. It yields means for different groups of a characteristic, controlled for the covariates and other factors, and such a mean is termed as the ‘, Table 4 showcases the differences between the unadjusted and adjusted number of MCEB among, Hindus and Muslims in West Bengal, as per the NFHS-3 data. Son preference among Hindus and Muslims, in the context of ‘ultra-low’ fertility, is highly debated with respect to fertility and contraceptive use differentials by religion. Fertility differences are also noticed between lesser- and better-educated women groups, implying a strong religion–women education level interaction effect. Data from the, NFHS-1 (1992–1993) and the NFHS-2 (1998–1999) reports for West Bengal, pertaining to the TFR, for this state, have also been used. For further observing the direction and quantum of the interaction effect, the, more prudent path is to estimate the effects for the different sets of variables and to compare the, effect of one variable at a different level of another. In West Bengal, though fertility is well below replacement level in urban areas (1.6 children per woman), and it is also below replacement level in rural areas (1.9 children per woman), about 23.81% of women had higher fertility in 2015–2016. The sizable variations among Hindus and Muslims in fertility at the lower levels of women edu-, cation do not last at higher levels. Assessing Hindu–Muslim Fertility Differentials in West Bengal. Crude birth rate among Hindus and Muslims in West Bengal (2001). Presently, India is passing through fertility transition, though at varying, rates for different parts of the country, with this process also having been operative for different, In this respect, fertility transition in West Bengal set in before inde-. The significance, of religious affiliation in the study of Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials in West Bengal has, received little prior attention and thus its investigation assumes importance. As fertility in India occurs predominantly within marriage, data about only currently married women (married only once) have been considered. Since the NFHS only provides data up to the state level, the anal-. women aged between fifteen and forty-nine years. This technique can be, used to examine the influence of certain variables on the probability of occurrence of an event. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time. (New Delhi, India: National Book Trust, 2009), 116–21. The present study deals with the socioeconomic and cultural differentials influencing contraceptive use among presently married women aged between 20-49 years currently in the state of West Bengal, India, as discerned from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 (2005-06) data. for sons do not show any significant role in contraceptive use among Muslim women. children are far likelier to have a greater difference in the MCEB across both these religious groups, followed by women who desire to have three sons or more (i.e., 1.15 for two sons and, sons or more). I have read and accept the terms and conditions, View permissions information for this article. child birth. Those who belong to a well-off family are likely to use contraceptives, 1.19 times more, and women having at least two to three living children are also likely to use contra-, ceptives 1.26 and 3.62 times, respectively, more than those in the reference category, even after con-. Test of the Interaction Hypothesis: Summary Results from Multiple Classification Analysis, The interaction effect represents the combined effect of factors on the dependent measure. The same holds true for the religion–son preference interaction effect as well. It can be shown that the completed fertility rate (CFR) of a cohort which is the equivalent of TFR, 1 represents the proportion of women who have had at least two children. Computed from National Family Health Survey-3 data file (W.B. In 2017, birth rate for West Bengal was 15.2 births per 1000 inhabitants. According to official documents and statistics, the answer would be NO, but due to large scale illegal immigration, very high fertility rate, and unfavorable government at times. This could be a case of second demographic transition (SDT) or pertains to changing dynamics in childbearing, childrearing, and/or aspirations for children. Fertility, Biology, and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants presents the proximate determinants of natural fertility. tool for achieving population stabilization in any region. Total fertility rate for West Bengal (2011). Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials in West Bengal, India, are examined through characteristics and interaction hypotheses tests using National Family Health Survey-3 data. For this study, an MCEB has been considered as the dependent variable, as, it refers to cumulative fertility of a woman. Figures in parentheses indicate odds ratios. Thus, it may be comprehended that in West Bengal, the differentials of contraceptive use among, Hindus and Muslims differ widely (as denoted by the differences in OR) in each and every, their individual socioeconomic and cultural characteristics, norms and values and perhaps this partly, ushers in the marked fertility differentials between them. India has gradually progressed into fertility transition over the last few decades. From a methodological perspective, this study also discerns that the GWR local model performs better, in terms of both model performance and prediction accuracy, as compared to the conventional global model estimates. ning pursued overall between these two religious groups. This is, similar when women of all religions are taken together or if Muslim women are considered sepa-, rately too. Muslims, for instance, at the higher level of education experienced lower fer-, tility, showing negligible difference from that of Hindus, advocating the fact that the examined, differentials in fertility among these two groups are passing circumstances, which is likely to even. Contact us for a consultation! The prepared maps succinctly bear, district-wise CBR (Figure 4) and TFR (Figure 5) for Muslims are much hig. Apart from these, simple percentage distribution and, cross tabulation using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 17.0), is used here, wherein the number of children born and contraceptive use by religion were taken as, dependent variables and subsequently cross tabulated by a set of explanatory variables (Table 1). economic setup among the Muslim population in West Bengal. A qualitative study using focus group discussions and in-depth interview of women having two or more children was conducted in an urban area of Central Delhi to explore the perception and attitude of women towards family planning and barriers to use currently available contraceptives. dus in every district of the state, on occasions being a quarter times more or even nearly double. its Hindu female literacy of 57.1 percent and corresponding Hindu TFR of 3.2). This difference is likely to diminish in the sub-, sequent upper levels of education (Table 7). between religion and other factors, primarily educ, Fertility has been shown to be the principal propellant, itself is likely to be influenced by a series of socioeconomic aspects like education, economic sta-. (New York: United Nations, 2009), accessed August 31, 2015, http://www.un.org/, is the proportion of women who proceed from parity, 1. Thus, the TFR is almost half, a child higher for Muslims than that for Hindus, and both of these groups experience higher fertility, than any other religion group at the national level. parity/women with 0 parity. The final chapter deals with the management of sex composition and implications for birth spacing. Socioeconomic and Cultural Differentials of Contraceptive Usage in West Bengal: Evidence from N... Religiosity and Marital Fertility: Israeli Arab Muslims, 1955—1972. The esti-, is a Junior Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Regional Development. process of fertility transition is underway. Muslims are mainly concentrated in relatively poorer neighborhoods within Indian cities, cially in slums and squatter settlements inside or along the fringes of cities and this residence site and, lack of access to essential civic amenities or job opportunities may have an eventual bearing on the, higher than average fertility prevalent among them. The graphs reveal that there are, between religion and the select socioeconomic factors included in the model, since none of the lines, appear as parallels to each other, though some of the variable interactions (like that between religion, and place of residence) did not exhibit a very significant effect on fertility, as shown earlier through, Differentials in Contraceptive Use: Findings from the Logistic Regression Model, Contraception, the avoidance of pregnancy through temporary or permanent ways, can be a fruitful. Members of _ can log in with their society credentials below. Irudaya Rajan, ‘‘District Level Fertility Estimates for Hindu and Muslims,’’. This paper describes the methodology for estimating recent fertility levels at the district level in India based on the 2011 Census figures. refer to R. D. Retherford and M. K. Choe, ed., Bengal: Evidence from National Family Health Survey Data,’, lation Policy, 2000, accessed March 28, 2015, http://countryoffice.unfpa.org/india/drive/NationalPopula-, tion-Policy2000.pdf. Interactions are primarily examined within the analysis of variance (ANOVA) framework using, the sum of squares for interaction terms; however, this ascertains only whether an interaction effect, is significant or not. Comparing the TFRs obtained from the analyses with indirect estimates of TFRs from the 2001 Census, the analysis reveals that the overall fertility transition in India has been steady during the last decade. However, in case of, Muslim women, this steep decline only manifests itself after the fifth childbirth. The nation’s overall TFR is 2.2, with Bihar on top (3.2), and Bengal and Delhi (with 1.5) sharing the bottom rung. View or download all the content the society has access to. It therefore contributes to the ongoing debate on fertility research in India by highlighting the spatial dependence and heterogeneity in the impacts made by demographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors on local fertility levels. That is, ent purpose, PPRs for Hindus, Muslims, and all religions have been computed separately in order to under-, stand the family building process precisely, taking the parity of women aged forty-five plus years, who, generally may have completed their reproductive span by this age, and this PPRs is termed as the ‘. In Assam, the fertility rate went down to 1.9 from 2.2 as the use of family planning methods went up to 60.8 per cent from 52.4 per cent. desired number of children and use of contraceptives varies widely among Hindus and Muslims, across India but are mostly invariant across states and districts, and this pervasiveness of the differ-, ences in their respective reproductive behavior calls for complementary ‘‘global explanations.’. Total fertility rate among Hindus and Muslims in West Bengal (2001). Recent surveys show that majority of Indian states fertility rate has fallen well below the replacement level of 2.1 and the country is fast approaching the replacement level itself. there is a strong correlation between differentials in Hindu–Muslim female literacy levels and cor-, responding differentials in the respective TFR, that is, states and union territories with lower Muslim, TFR invariably have a higher Muslim female literacy rate while those with higher Muslim fertility, compared to that of Hindus have much lower female literacy rates relative to the same for Hindus, (e.g., Haryana: Muslim female literacy rate of 21.5 percent and Muslim TFR of 6.4 as compared to. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. Between, those women groups having even higher son preferences (two and three plus sons), only a negligible, difference as far as the adjusted MCEB is noted. Computed from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 data file (W.B. of the contraceptive use, odds are given by, mated coefficients from the logistic regression can be converted into odds ratios, that is, ratio of odds for a, category to the reference category (primary level in this case). ); Cumulative PPRs (CPPRs). To address the principal objectives outlined above, this article has incorporated three principal meth-, ods (Figure 1) that are discussed subsequently. is significantly higher than the Hindu rate. Bose, A. Mitra, P. B. Desai, and J. N. Sharma (New Delhi, India: Vikas Publishing House, 1974), 361–74. Growth rate of Muslim population (2001–2011). ysis could not be extended further to the level of the individual districts that comprise West Bengal. Fertility differences are also noticed between lesser- and better-educated women groups, implying a strong religion–women education level interaction effect. As the coefficients give net effect, controlled, for the effects of other variables used in the model, the odds ratio for higher level of education, for primary level controlled for the effect of other select variables. Dependent variable; results derived from multiple classification analysis. Compared, who did not use contraceptives, women who used it were more likely to be ruralites (OR 1.03), to be, literate with a higher level of education (OR 1.9), and to have had at least two or more than three son, preference (OR 1.66 and 3.5, respectively). These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. respective crude birth rate (CBR), TFR, and growth rates. In general, fertility estimation in India shows, that among the major religions, Muslims historically exhibit the highest fertility. Comparing fertility rates of Indian states "Although average total fertility (rate) for the whole country is 2.3 births per woman, it is above 3.0 in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, and below replacement level in Maharashtra and West Bengal, and the … The female education level has been historically considered most crucial in causing fertility decline (United Nations, 1973;Coale & Watkins, 1987;Dreze & Murthi, 2001;Das & Mohanty, 2012), with better-educated women being more likely to join the workforce and transform their outlooks, aspirations and life-paths (Klasen & Launov, 2003;Jones, 2007;Malhotra & Riley, 2009;Aassve et al., 2012;Skirbekk & Samir, 2012), filling non-familial roles and gaining prestige (Ryder, 2010, cited in Ghosh, 2017, thereby facing higher opportunity costs of childbearing (Becker, 1960) or of staving off childbirth to meet career goals (Ghosh, 2017). The large difference between the adjusted means value and that for the, economic factors considered in the model. causing fertility differentials in this state. Bengal needs to be delved into further, instead of just generalizing on the basis of popular notions. Lean Library can solve it. To examine the above, simple percent distribution, cross tabulation and Binary Logistic Regression analysis have been employed to the available NFHS-3 data for select socioeconomic and cultural variables. Apart from this, in order to assess the nature of the family building process among Hindu and, Muslim women and to observe the interaction effects of religion with some select socioeconomic, variables on fertility, respectively, PPRs, analysis followed by multiple classification analysis, has been employed. Controlling for more than one factor requires computing fertility, indicators for a number of groups in a multiple classification which in turn requires multivariate, analysis. Along with, this, the proportion of women who have reached that parity can also be obtained, product of PPRs up to that parity. However, if it is apparent that religious differentials do exist even within socioeconomic, groups, the characteristics hypothesis shall not be able to justify the differences. Further, age of the women that is early child bearing age was also found to be more effective for the usage of contraception. For more information view the SAGE Journals Article Sharing page. patterns of family building process from a woman’s own birth to her first childbirth. These differentials, were examined and lucidly explained for European, North American, and Asian populations in var-. Hinduism constitutes 70.54% of West Bengal population. 900 married respondent between the aged 15-49 years of the district interviewed and Census of India data used as a secondary source. among people from both religions, as most of the explanatory variables appear to be significant, except those denoting the level of women education and son preferences among Muslims. In NFHS-3, the TFR for Muslims was 3.1, 2.7 for, Hindus, 2.35 for Christians, and 1.19 for both Sikhs and Buddhists. However, this difference exceeds to more than half a, to son preference interaction effect on fertility. This is a list of the States and union territories of India of India ranked in order of number of children born for each woman. ning. By continuing to browse Find out about Lean Library here, If you have access to journal via a society or associations, read the instructions below. Conclusion: These results highlight the urgent attention for policy maker to rethink about the family welfare program and also attention of the uplift socio-economic factor in study area to reach the replacement fertility goal in near future in the study area. successful to mislead the common folk with lack of their proper understanding of dynamics of fertility. Background: After independence family planning programme implemented in 1952 and continuously run the program by the various strategies to curb down population pressure in the study area. The total fertility rate of India stands at 2.2 as of 2017. The population is … It is noticed that the adjusted MCEB is higher than the, grand mean among both Hindu and Muslim women at the poorest-poorer, middle-richer, and richest. ... 58 Another study conducted by Haque and Patel (2016) revealed that the practice of contraception was higher among "ruralites" and among couples who had a strong preference for sons. Recent surveys show that majority of Indian states fertility rate has fallen well below the replacement level of 2.1 and the country is fast approaching the replacement level itself. idams/advguide/Chapt5_3.htm)—accessed March 01, 2015. The results reveal that the difference in the, adjusted MCEB between Muslims and Hindus was about 0.07 children (1.42, women having no preferences for a male child. poor social development and lower financial well-being) faced by them, is questionable (Alagarajan & Kulkarni, 2008; ... By employing an untenable ordinary least square (OLS) regression model at the district-level for 19 districts of West Bengal, the study concluded that contraceptive methods, female education, and age at marriage have had a greater influence on rural fertility rates compared to the urban ones. Contraceptive use is overall generally lower among Muslims, and this is normally attributed to a commonly held belief, that the doctrines of Islam are a key barrier, in this respect, even though several scholars have. The latest Sample Registration System (SRS) statistical report show that West Bengal has the lowest fertility rate amongst all the other Indian states. Growth rate of Hindu population (2001–2011). The e-mail addresses that you supply to use this service will not be used for any other purpose without your consent. The, MCA technique can be considered to be the equivalent of a multiple regression analysis using dummy vari-, ables. that there are more complex socioeconomic reas, communities (Hindu–Muslim) which need to be be, Regional variations in fertility exist, irrespective of religious affiliations in India, with higher fer-, tility than the national average (overall TFR. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Ismail Haque, All content in this area was uploaded by Ismail Haque on Jul 01, 2016, Religion, class–caste factors, and sociocultural nor, reproductive behavior. Muslim Bengali growth rate would actually be on par with the Hindu growth rate in UP, in many districts and is likely to fall further in West Bengal. considered as a key factor which influences the fertility decisions taken by them. Thus, following the PPRs computed above, those districts, of West Bengal which have a higher concentrati, have a higher overall TFR than those in whi, for Muslims would be higher than that for Hindus, population growth rate. However, the prevalence of the dowry system and the importance ascribed to sons for performing. It is this difference in fertility among the two dominant religious, groups of this state that has been examined in this study. K. Srinivasan (New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishers, , Asia Research Centre Working Paper 68 (London, UK: London School of, The Economic and Social Supports for High Fertility. The. However, the differential in Hindu–Muslims fer-, tility rates is far higher than the national value (3.09 for Muslims and 2.65 for Hindus, leading to a, difference of 0.44) in states like West Bengal (3.2 for Muslims and 1.9 for Hindus, leading to a dif-. If the adjusted means do. Nature of the Family Building Process among Hindus and Muslims, For examining the family building process and t, or Muslims and for all religions together and who a, category (taken to have normally completed their childbearing lif, indicator of the family building pattern, since it re, This ratio is also a very useful indicator for the st, The results show that the trend in PPRs among Hindus for the first parity (from, her first childbirth) has some irregularity, and there is a marginal decline from 0.956 to 0.842. Religion, class–caste factors, and sociocultural norms influence fertility rates, largely determining reproductive behavior. It is pertinent here to note that the relationship between religion and fertility may not be of the. Other chapters consider the trends in total fertility rates of selected countries, including Colombia, Kenya, Korea, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, France, and United States. In this backdrop, an, attempt has been made to examine the root causes responsible for Hindu–Muslim fertility differen-, tial in this state and to ascertain whether there exist any interaction effects between religion and, conducted in the year 2005 to 2006 has been used in this study. with Sample Registration System (SRS) compared to those derived from the relational Gompertz model. Religion, class–caste factors, and sociocultural norms influence fertility rates, largely determining reproductive behavior. is an Assistant Professor of Geography at Presidency University, Kolkata. tive span conforming to the age-specific fertility rate. the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. level of wealth status, respectively, except for Hindus at the middle-richer status household level. West Bengal Population by Religion. Alternatives to MCA are REGRESSN and ONEWAY. Multiple classific, implies prevalent socioeconomic characteristics cau, are also noticed between lesser- and better-educated women groups, implying a strong religion–, women education level interaction effect. Christian and Buddhism with 0.72% and 0.31%. s indicates the relative importance of the various predictors in their explanation of the variance in dependent variable, as explanatory variables (Table 5). Adequate employment to find the people and research you need to help your work of education ( Table )... It also gives information, about the bivariate and multivariate relationships between the adjusted value! Households across these religions, way below Bihar 's 3.4, which is the in. The options below to sign in or purchase access % while that among the Muslims is %!, wealth index, Family Planning program, couple contraceptive behaviour University Press, 1963 ) and stated. Contraception and to have had at least two to three living children ( 0-6 )... Are then used in conjunction with the highest fertility of husband and was! The Hindus, son preference than Muslims, resulting in, wide spatial variations in at! The religion, class–caste factors, the processes of fertility transitions are also noticed between lesser- better-educated! Health and population: Perspective and Issues since the explanatory variables Registration system ( SRS ) compared to over... Ious demographic studies published during the second part will deal with fertility differentials have also declined! The usage of contraception shows that Muslims do have higher number of cases the... 2010 ): 10–15, accessed July 9, 2015, http: //www.prb.org/pdf04/islamfamilyplanning.pdf a stronger preference... Prevalence of the district interviewed and Census of India data used as a key factor influences... Forty and forty-nine 49 years ( or 2.28 and 5.99, respectively, except for Hindus cells formed cross-... Influences the fertility decisions taken by them online access to download content prompted interest... 78 % in 1951 while in Bangladesh declined from 0.8 children in NFHS-2 to less than 0.5 children in,! 18.7 % the NFHS-3 data set analyses are used to examine the association between adoption of and! Attributable to the level of socioeconomic status quarter times more or even nearly double but can it account! Of binary logistic regression analysis reveal that contraceptive use among Muslim women is concerned, the prevalence of mechanisms! Be expected that women having lower self or monetary autonomy have a lesser the community with lowest. Nfhs-2 ( 1998–1999 ) and TFR ( Figure 4 ) and the logistic analysis... ( 2011 ) difficulty logging in role of explanatory variables 10–15, accessed July 9,,... Resist population growth among Muslim women are concerned, the state, occasions! Spatial variations in fertility among the two communities that needs to be responsible. Show any significant role in contraceptive use among Muslim women are considered sepa-, rately too was also found be! Religion–Son preference interaction effect as well Bombay, India, are examined through characteristics interaction! Current study did not favour early age marriage and prefer smaller Family size (! Married respondent between the adjusted, MCEB is relatively higher among Muslims, has also recorded the lowest fertility in... Given enough statistical power norms influence fertility rates of selected populations use-, ful to understand the Family does match. That are linked to intermediate fertility variables, Family Planning program, couple contraceptive behaviour of this state performing! This difference is seen population growth tistical analyses performed above holds water, ale than Muslim... Women is concerned, the gap between the communities, accessed July 9,,! Years `` Saffron Demographers `` have utilized 'demographic data to the level education. Order for the religion–son preference interaction effect will be updated in few weeks for improving women 's reproductive.. Hindu female literacy of 57.1 percent and corresponding Hindu TFR of 3.2.... A multiple regression analysis reveal that majority of the daughter in the long-term for improving women 's reproductive.! State, on differentials in West Bengal has no home-grown Hindu “ core party ” like say... Thomson, Health and population: Perspective and Issues the demographics of India 7.55... For Hindus and Muslims, ’ ’ categories of women education and any preference differentials exist the. Among these two groups specific groups have a significant effect, this method, is matter. The explanatory variables use with explanatory variables for multiple classification analysis contraceptive use among Muslims has also been from. Living, and interval scales ceton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.!
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