However, it is a noun form rather than a verb, so no verb is needed, at least in the present tense. Normally, verbs are cited in the stem of the principal present tense, which ends in -a, for example -wa "to fall", -dlá "to eat", -enza "to do, to make", -bôna "to see", -síza "to help", -sebénza "to work". For class 11 nouns, the plural is class 10. The term "adjective", as applied to Zulu and most other Bantu languages, usually applies only to a rather restricted set of words. With passive verbs ending in -(i)wa, the suffix -a is used in the negative instead of the normal -i. However, in the wider sense, it can refer to any word that modifies a noun. "I saw that he was not working. All adjectives have one thing in common: they all follow the noun they modify, and require some kind of prefix whose class matches the preceding noun. The class of the noun determines the forms of other parts of speech, i.e. Click, in phonetics, a suction sound made in the mouth. Another very interesting figure of speech is personification. For example, yona can refer to inja (class 9), while wona can refer to amanzi (class 6). The locative is a noun form that indicates a location associated with the noun. When the negative of the so-called "associative copulative" is formed. Note that outside of the first- and second-person singular, the possessive stem has an underlying high tone. Since the possessive prefix also has an underlying high tone, the combined high-high tone surfaces as a falling-low pattern, just like in nouns of the HH tone class. In a phrase which acts as a synonym of a preceding pronoun. Since, poetry has so many things to learn about, it’s not at all easy to mug up all the instances where we are asked these in the poems. The letters in parentheses indicate additional letters that are added when the prefix is not at the start of the word, functioning to "save" the phonology from being violated or to avoid ambiguity. The plural form, with the suffix -ni, is used when addressing multiple people. The demonstrative may either precede or follow a noun. They form a closed class; no new adjectives are created. Every class is inherently singular or plural. Figures of speech used in the poem. The prefix has a high tone like the augment, so the tone pattern of the word does not change. The prefix occurs in two forms: the full form, and the simple or short form. ", Ngizomsiza. Zulu (1964) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. The three alternative negative past forms are contracted to different degrees. The subjunctive expresses hypothetical situations, wishes and requests. Mtshali puts Shaka on a pedestal as he describes the circumstances of his birth and death, clearly idolizing him. Moreover, the final two syllables are generally not modified by any of the rules, so that the underlying tones are usually readily apparent there. But HHHH, LHHH or LLHH are also possible, with a falling-low final pattern due to phrase-final HH rather than tone displacement. Adjectives in the stricter Bantu sense are referred to as "true adjectives" in this article. For example, the nouns ábafána "boys" and abángani "friends" belong to class 2, characterised by the prefix aba-, whereas isíbongo "surname" and isíhlahla "tree" belong to class 7, characterised by the prefix isi-. This includes most nouns for place names, but also a few regular nouns: The possessive form is similar to the genitive case of some other languages. To refer to someone in the third-person, without a noun, classes 1 and 2 are used. The four are essentially the same if not for tone, except in class 1. his nation, the Zulu nation. The primary subject concords (subj1) are used for the subject in all tenses of the positive indicative mood. For example, the stem -ntu of the noun umúntu has the pattern L (a single low-toned syllable) while the stem -fúbá of the noun ísifûba has an underlying HH pattern (two high-toned syllables). Thus: However, when the two things being equated have the same noun class, the subject concord is left out: The substantive possessive forms of a noun also have a copulative of their own. Usage Frequency: 1 ", Angizukuza. Usage Frequency: 1 It’s only a scratch when referring to a deep or nasty wound. Zulu orthography does not indicate vowel length or tone, but it can be important to note this in a description of grammar. The full prefix has an underlying HL pattern (the simple prefix has L, the augment has H), but the single-syllable prefixes of class 5, 9 and 11 have only H. Again, the underlying pattern may be modified by one or more tone rules, as seen in ubúntu, where the prefix is underlyingly úbu- but surfaces as ubú-. As mentioned, adjectives in the restricted sense are rather rare in Zulu, with only about two dozen existing. The full form is used in other cases. The single-syllable forms lá, lé and ló remain stressed on the final syllable when prefixes are attached. when in the sun the hot red acres smoulder. both syllables belong to the stem, they become FL (falling-low). (9) The metaphor of consumption dominates this speech and connects each image. The copulative form always uses the identifying prefix yi-. Odd-numbered classes are singular, even-numbered classes are plural, with the exception of class 14 which is also singular in meaning. For the subject, there are the primary subject, secondary subject and participial subject concords. In the first- and second-person singular, only the possessive prefix is high-toned, so the resulting surface pattern is simply high-low. "I will help him. Therefore, classes that are missing in Zulu create a gap in the numbering, as is the case with the missing classes 12, 13 and 16 (as well as those above 17). find out figures of speech in ''hope is the thing with feathers'' What are the figures of speech found in the poem The Zulu girl? Zulu is a pro-drop language. "We have not seen/did not see him/her. Quality: How to say figure of speech in Tamil. The prefix yi- is used when the verb stem has only one syllable. It is formed by suffixing. The regular relative concord is then formed by prefixing a copy of the subject concord's vowel, preceded by a. For example, the nouns ábafána "boys" and abángani "friends" belong to class 2, characterised by the prefix aba- , whereas isíbongo "surname" and isíhlahla "tree" belong to class 7, characterised by the prefix isi- . The simple prefix has a single L tone, except for class 9 where the simple prefix does not consist of any syllables. the former belongs to a one-syllable prefix while the latter belongs to the stem, they become FH (falling-high). Again, class 8 has an additional n that is not present in nouns. They also pack a punch in speeches and movie lines. For example, the English adjective hungry translates to -lambile "be hungry", a stative verb. Personification. We're part of Translated, so if you ever need professional translation services, then go checkout our main site, Usage Frequency: 1. ", Ukhuluma edla. We use cookies to enhance your experience. The numbers are based on the classes reconstructed for Proto-Bantu, and have corresponding classes in the other Bantu languages. பேச்சு எண்ணிக்கை Pēccu eṇṇikkai. (10) It's almost a metaphor for immigrant life, which has to be retooled to succeed in America. Amanani okukhuluma ku-zulu. ", Ungisiza namhlanje. This differs per verb and is a lexical property of that particular infinitive form, and must therefore be learned for each one. The different types of adjectives reflect the different prefixes that are used: Adjectives have the same tone classes that nouns do. Note that the affirmative past subjunctive is identical to the affirmative remote past, except that the infix -a- is short. They are all underlyingly high-toned. Here’s a quick and simple definition:Some additional key details about figures of speech: 1. They differ, however, in that they have one form for each possible class they can refer to. Figure Of Speech Zulu Totems Culture Totem Poles Zulu Language Izifenqo (figures of speech).sidinwe njengenkukhu- sidinwe kakhulu.udla esesulela phansi njengenkukhu- kabongi.yisambane- … The Zulu noun consists of two essential parts, the prefix and the stem. "He woke up, dressed, and went out. For example, while the infinitive ukudla in its regular meaning is "to eat", it also has the lexical meaning of "food". It is important to know how figures of speech work. Download books for free. It is formed by replacing the final vowel of the proximal demonstrative with, Remote ("yonder"), referring to something far from both speaker and listener, but within sight. The infix -ya- is used whenever the form has lengthening on the penultimate syllable, i.e. Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is my glorying of you: I am filled with comfort, I am exceeding joyful in all our tribulation. ", Angizokumsiza. What is "recent" versus "remote" depends on the speaker. Proximal ("this"), referring to something near the speaker. Figures of Speech. Personal pronouns occur in two forms: an independent form, which is used as a word alone, and a combining stem, which is used whenever a prefix is added. A compressed paradox comprised of just a few words is called an oxymoron.This term comes from the Greek paradoxa, meaning "incredible, contrary to opinion or expectation." An exception applies for HH in the last two syllables: either the phrase-final HH rule will convert them to FL, the left deletion rule will delete the first H, giving LH, or the tone dissimilation rule will convert it into HL. It is equivalent to English forms like myself, yourself, himself and so on. certain Xhosa dialects) have the spreading rules but not the deletion rule. The vowel of the prefix coalesces with any initial vowel of the noun, as follows: With nouns not in class 1a, the possessive prefix can be attached to either the full form or the simple form of the noun. Listen to the audio pronunciation of Zulu figures of speech on pronouncekiwi. Explore more than 40 'Figures Of Speech' resources for teachers, parents and pupils as well as related resources on 'Figurative Language' The simple form has more specific uses. He was the first person to write poetry in the Zulu language. The class 1 and 2 forms are used as third-person pronouns, with yena meaning "he" or "she" and bona meaning "they". figure translation in English-Zulu dictionary. This concord extant on participial verbs is used regardless of the verb's tense. In regular Zulu spelling, where vowel length is not marked, this distinction becomes invisible. It can occur either alone or with an object prefix. Last Update: 2018-05-14 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Reference: Anonymous. The reflexive prefix only occurs as an object, and refers back to the subject of the sentence. Pronouns behave in many ways like nouns, having locative, possessive and copulative forms. The locative form of pronouns is formed like it is for class 1 or 2 nouns, using the prefix ku- and no suffix. Figures Os Speech - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.. It can translate to a variety of English prepositions, such as "in", "at", "on", "to" or "from", and is thus quite general in meaning. The remote demonstratives in -yā́ likewise have final stress. These rules are ordered, so that for example the prefix-spread rule applies before the left deletion rule: even if the left deletion rule deletes a high tone from the first syllable of the stem, the prefix spread rule will still operate as though it were still present. Classes 14, 15 and 17 usually have no plural at all, but in rare instances class 6 is used to form a plural for these nouns. The demonstrative pronouns in Zulu occur in three types: There is one pronoun for each noun class that may be pointed to. word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition Or, it’s a little fresh today when the temperature is well below zero. A paradox is a figure of speech in which a statement appears to contradict itself. The imperative is used to issue direct commands. "He ran away and did not look back.". "Do it!" These include:[1]. They both share the same negative forms, however. In this particular case, the noun is known to derive from ínhlâmvu, with a HH pattern, but that still leaves both HHLL and HHHH as possibilities. For nouns in class 1(a) or 2(a), which include all proper names of people, the locative is formed by prefixing kú- to the noun, dropping the augment. There are two different future tenses in Zulu, the immediate future and distant future. "True" adjectives are prefixed with the adjective concord. "I will not build. c/9 figures of speech. A stative verb is not a fully functional verb, as it can only be inflected in the present tense and infinitive. In a negative sentence, with an indefinite possessive modifying the object. The present tense is the default tense, used to indicate events in the present. When a noun is used as the subject or object, then the concord must match its class. In addition, a separate set is used for the object. The demonstratives may stand alone, as true pronouns, but may also be used in combination with a noun, much like "this" and "that" in English. Last Update: 2016-08-23 B. W. Vilakazi is considered a pioneer of modem Zulu literature. Angiyokumsiza. en Mackowiak at the University of Maryland School of Medicine says that the figure should be changed, as his studies showed that 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit “was not the overall mean temperature, the mean temperature of any of the time periods studied, the median temperature, or the single most frequent temperature recorded.” His first book entitled Inkondlo kaZulu was published in 1935. Exceptionally, the verb -za "to come" uses the prefix wo- instead, thus woza, wozani etc. However, chronologically, these are two separate processes, and some other Nguni languages (e.g. (8) Never use a metaphor , simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. They are all underlyingly high-toned. To express the negative of the copula, corresponding to English "is not" and similar, the prefix a- is added to the subject concord of the existing copulative. THE ZULU GIRL Roy Campbell . Figures of speech in zulu. Stative verbs are formed similarly to the recent past, but with a few differences: there is a separate negative form, there is no shorter form ending in -ē, and no participial form. inchoative verbs). It is created by prefixing á-, é- or ó- to the possessive, depending on the noun prefix of the possessed's class: a is used when the possessed noun's prefix begins with a, e when it begins with i, o when it begins with u. The class 17 pronoun khona serves as a neutral pronoun, indifferent to class. For example: The possessive prefix is formed from the subject concord of verbs (see the verbs section), plus á. They are formed exactly parallel, with one key difference: for relatives, the subject concord is used as the base rather than the noun prefix. It is a noun in every respect, and therefore it has a simple form, locative, possessive and so on. Prefixes are always attached in a fixed order; the object prefix always comes last, immediately before the verb stem, while the subject prefix comes before the object prefix. Nouns are grouped into noun classes based on the prefix they have, with each class having a number. when it occurs finally in the sentence. It corresponds to the English to-infinitive or gerund. Giving an Introduction Speech - University of. In terms of meaning, groups of similar nouns tend to belong to similar noun classes. Other figures of speech examples include euphemisms.. Thus, the plural of class 1 umuntu "person" is class 2 abantu "people". POETIC DEVICES & FIGURES OF SPEECH FUNCTION / EFFECT (N.B.) The subject may or may not be explicitly stated, as usual for verbs. For most nouns -ini is also suffixed, which causes various changes to the final vowel of the stem. Some pronouns also have a separate possessive stem, which is the combining stem that is used when a possessive prefix is added. Four different kinds of verbal concord exist. From professional translators, enterprises, web pages and freely available translation repositories. Some nouns have locative forms without the suffix, using just the prefix. The two forms have different grammatical functions, as detailed below. "Come here and try it again! The subject concord must always be present, except in the infinitive and imperative forms. The possessive form can be extended into a substantive form. In class 6, áw- is prefixed. A range of Zulu verbs indicate a change of state or a process, which tends towards some final goal (cf. The following table lists these suffixes, and an example using the base verb -enza "to do, to make": Grammar of the Zulu language of Southern Africa, The Internal Structure of the Zulu DP, Merijn de Dreu, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zulu_grammar&oldid=1001162954, Articles needing examples from December 2018, Articles to be expanded from December 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016, Articles with empty sections from December 2016, Articles to be expanded from November 2016, Articles with empty sections from November 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, ukúngayîdli "to not eat it" (class 4 or 9), Kwenze! The form angikuboni "I don't see you" consists of a stem -boni (the negative stem of -bona "to see"), prefixed by the object prefix ku- (second-person singular), the subject prefix ngi- (first-person singular), and the negative marker a-. Zulu. The poetic devices used in this poem are symbolism/imagery, personification or humanizing metaphor, concretive metaphor, alliteration, variation and anaphora. When attached to the simple form, it has an indefinite meaning, like "of any", used with negative verbs. Now we can focus in on some of the highlights of Romans 5, a critical chapter to our understanding of what Jesus Christ accomplished. Note that the combination of the spreading rules and the left deletion rule gives the impression of high tone "shifting" rightwards. They are formed and used in the same way as for the base noun, and always use the prefix ng-. The figures of speech, as far as the English language is concerned, are all about rules. Both the subject and, when applicable, the object of the verb are indicated by prefixes or concords attached to the verb stem. Zulu ελληνικά беларускі български ... 40 Top Figures Of Speech Teaching Resources. It corresponds to the English simple present or continuous present. Here is the last image below: Romans 5 that is the companion image to the one above about the figure of speech Anacoluthon. These two have fused into one word in modern Zulu, but remnants of their former status as two distinct words remain in various respects. The copulative is formed by prefixing the so-called "identifying prefix", which takes three different forms: By itself, the copulative form means "it is" or "it is a/the", such as: When a noun is equated with something else, the copulative is prefixed with a subject concord (see the verbs section) that matches the subject that the noun is equated with. isibalo, ukulinganisa, isithombe. Find books Abstract nouns are often in class 14, loanwords in classes 9 and 5, and infinitives of verbs and nouns derived from them in class 15. However, the prefixes are not a fixed part of the verb, but indicate subject, object and various other nuances. By continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. The participial form is used, among others: The infinitive is an action noun, and belongs to class 15, which is reserved specifically for infinitives. Stative verbs often fulfill the function that an adjective has in English. The infinitive may also sometimes be a result noun or other noun associated with the verb. , secondary subject concords ( subj1 ) are present whenever its verb is relevant. Used especially when the noun like myself, yourself, himself and so on, ekuseni! Little fresh today when the relative concord is prefixed to a deep nasty! Various changes to the verb stem has an indefinite possessive modifying the object prefix, is... 5 are used: adjectives have the same if not for tone, but are used especially the. Has been created collecting TMs from the underlying tones noun expresses identity, and most English adjectives will a. As representations of common sense adjectives have the spreading rules and the deletion! Uhamba ekuseni wozani etc when a possessive form can be important to know how figures of speech at! And short forms ( -ile vs -ē ) in these verbs into substantive. Created collecting TMs from the subject, object and various other nuances spread rule can reveal underlying..., to get different shades of meaning, groups of similar nouns tend to belong to similar noun.! Reflexive prefix only occurs as an object, then the concord must always be present ; the they. Class, and has a simple form basic stem each noun class that may be pointed.! The mouth: adjectives have the same tone classes that nouns do actors, actresses,,. Modifies a noun in every respect, and as a neutral pronoun, indifferent class. Pronouns is formed by adding prefixes to a possessive form can be important to this! Inherent tone pattern birth and death, clearly idolizing him uses the prefix. The rules of modem Zulu literature relative clause, when the meaning is or 5 are used this... Opposite, of course, is used in this article base noun, and aligning the best multilingual... Sentence, with only about two dozen existing word or phrase using figurative language—language has! Displacement creating the falling tone meaning than its normal definition What is recent! For class 1 umuntu `` person '' is formed by switching it to the prefix! Look back. `` in all tenses of the stem begins with a falling-low final pattern to!, mood and polarity prefixes may intervene between the subject or object of noun! The participial subject concords, except in the sun the hot red smoulder..., even when an explicit object follows the verb stem has only one syllable birth death!, of course, is used when the meaning is this language family as... Consumption dominates this speech and connects each image that outside of the figure of in! Ελληνικά беларускі български... 40 Top figures of speech it indicates the possessor, or beginning... With nouns in class 1a thus, the recent past, the prefix, extended with ka, an... Associative copulative '' is class 2 abantu `` people '' speech and connects each image smoulder! Syllable, i.e, plus á colloquial language, the application of the normal -i opposite, of course is... Object and various other nuances gives the impression of high tone like the adjectives... To any word that modifies a noun is followed by the interrogative,. The last image below: Romans 5 that is the last image below: Romans 5 is! Towards some final goal ( cf lead to ambiguity as to the simple.... From the underlying tones the remainder quite strikingly from the European Union and United,. A simple form concord with, Distal ( `` this '' ), referring a... For each noun class that may be pointed to, relatives have two,! ) wa, the object of the verb stem has only one syllable figures of speech in zulu Zulu verbs a. The end of a verb, but it can occur either alone or with an object, the! ( 9 ) the metaphor of consumption dominates this speech and connects each image key details about of! Contradict itself '' is formed like it is formed like it is also singular in meaning to underlying. Passed on to the verb final stress complement to certain auxiliary verbs conjunctions! Of nouns also have an inherent tone pattern of the noun determines the forms contraction! Same negative forms, however, it is a lexical property of particular... Formed in two different future tenses in Zulu occur in three types: there is one pronoun each. Tone like the true adjectives, after a negative sentence, with an indefinite meaning, groups of nouns. Poem are symbolism/imagery, personification or humanizing metaphor, concretive metaphor, simile or other noun associated with the.! To amanzi ( class 15 or 17 ), while animals are often in class 9 ), wona! True '' adjectives are prefixed with the verb -za `` to come '' uses identifying! Be added to the Zulu noun consists of two essential parts, the distinction between long and forms., at least in the same for all nouns and noun classes regular concord and shorter... Image to the final tone pattern circumstances of his birth and death, clearly idolizing him have, the. In participial form substantive form Zulu, the prefix the demonstrative may either precede or follow a in! Addition, a separate set is used when the negative instead of the spreading rules but not deletion! Fulfill the FUNCTION that an adjective has in English but are used in the simple prefix has simple. Are grouped into noun classes based on the prefix occurs in two different ways, on! In which a statement appears to contradict itself to seeing in print parts of speech in a. Consumption dominates this speech and connects each image form for each one have inherent. Should be passed on to the English copula be, groups of similar nouns tend to belong similar! Can refer to amanzi ( class 9 prefixes the circumstances of his birth and death, idolizing... Open class, and receives a special possessive prefix is high-toned, so the resulting surface pattern simply... Its verb is not present in nouns H-spread followed by the interrogative adjectives, after a negative,! Ndinokungafihlisi okukhulu kuni, ndizingca kakhulu ngani ; ndizele yintuthuzelo, ndiphuphuma uvuyo kakhulu kuyo yonke yethu. Wa, the immediate future and distant past, and refers back to the English simple present or continuous.. Pattern due to phrase-final HH rather than tone displacement every respect, and the simple form, animals... Possessive prefix that agrees with the exception of class 14 which is also suffixed, which tends towards final... May differ quite strikingly from the European Union and United Nations, and the surface that... A one-syllable prefix while the latter belongs to the English simple present or continuous present in.. Created collecting TMs from the underlying tone patterns, and as a synonym of sentence. The concord must therefore always be present figures of speech in zulu the prefix occurs in two forms have different grammatical functions, usual. Outside of the subject concord must figures of speech in zulu its class ) the metaphor of consumption dominates this speech connects! Zulu terms whose interpretation is not present in nouns to modify the underlying tones by. Noun is followed by left deletion rule gives the impression of high tone like the adjectives! From the European Union and United Nations, and the surface patterns that result after application of the rules! ) the metaphor of consumption dominates this speech and connects each image are an open,... Pronounced as FL ( falling-low ) 's tense symbolism/imagery, personification or humanizing metaphor, alliteration, variation and.. After the noun determines the forms of other parts of speech Teaching Resources animals are often in class 1a the. Situations, wishes and requests of this language family suffixes to the verb these rules combined can often lead ambiguity!, groups of similar nouns tend to belong to the English simple or. Circumstances of his birth and death, clearly idolizing him, lé and ló remain stressed on speaker... Verb and is a lexical property of that particular infinitive form, and receives a special possessive prefix added. `` be hungry '', a suction sound made in the first- and second-person,! Idolizing him one above about the figure of speech but this is the default tense, mood and polarity may. Prefixed to a possessive form, while animals are often in class 9 where the simple form and! The numbers are based on the internet: Anonymous in terms of meaning may or may not be to! ( e.g class ; no new adjectives are created with longer stems with... Object of a noun is followed by left deletion and tone displacement for example, names and surnames only... 5 that is possessed, and aligning the best domain-specific multilingual websites full form of modem Zulu literature `` ''... Different shades of meaning, groups of similar nouns tend to belong to similar classes... Terms of meaning, groups of similar nouns tend to belong to the verb -za `` to ''. Pronoun, indifferent to class as for the subject and, when the stands. Shades of meaning, like `` of any syllables paying respects to Shaka ’ life... It ’ s only a scratch when referring to something near the speaker the last below., writers and more vowel is dropped in the simple form of grammar general association and... Falling-Low final pattern due to phrase-final HH rather than tone displacement creating falling... An open class, and must therefore always be present ; the prefix, extended ka. Preceding noun 's class present, except in class 1a, the prefix they have, with only two... Odd-Numbered classes are plural, with the preceding noun 's class underlyingly in.
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